Pavement Condition Assessment Guide
Complete methodology for evaluating asphalt pavement condition using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI), distress identification, and developing data-driven maintenance strategies.
Pavement Assessment Overview
Pavement assessment is the systematic evaluation of surface condition to determine maintenance needs, prioritize repairs, and forecast capital requirements. Regular assessment enables proactive maintenance that extends pavement life and reduces total lifecycle costs by 40-60%.
Deferred Maintenance Cost
$6-$10
for every $1 not spent on time
Assessment Frequency
Every 2-3 Years
for accurate condition tracking
Typical Pavement Life
15-25 Years
with proper maintenance
Pavement Condition Index (PCI)
The PCI is a numerical rating from 0-100 that represents the overall surface condition of a pavement section. Developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ASTM D6433), it is the industry standard for pavement condition assessment.
Distress Types & Identification
Cracking
Alligator/Fatigue Cracking
HighInterconnected cracks forming a pattern resembling alligator skin, caused by repeated traffic loading
Longitudinal Cracking
MediumCracks parallel to pavement centerline, often at lane joints or due to shrinkage
Transverse Cracking
MediumCracks perpendicular to pavement centerline, typically from thermal contraction
Block Cracking
MediumInterconnected cracks dividing pavement into rectangular pieces, indicates oxidation/aging
Edge Cracking
MediumCrescent-shaped cracks near pavement edge from lack of support or drainage issues
Surface Deformation
Rutting
HighChannelized depressions in wheel paths from consolidation or shear failure
Shoving
MediumLongitudinal displacement creating ripples, usually at intersections or stop areas
Depression
MediumLocalized low areas where water collects, caused by settlement or poor construction
Swell
MediumUpward bulging from frost heave or expansive soils below pavement
Surface Defects
Raveling
MediumProgressive loss of aggregate from surface due to binder failure
Bleeding
LowExcess asphalt on surface creating shiny, sticky film
Polishing
LowAggregate worn smooth reducing skid resistance
Weathering
MediumGeneral surface deterioration from oxidation and moisture
Potholes & Patches
Potholes
HighBowl-shaped holes from localized disintegration, often from water intrusion
Patch Deterioration
MediumPreviously repaired areas showing new distress
Utility Cut Patches
MediumRepairs around utility access showing differential settlement
Severity Level Ratings
Each distress type is rated at one of three severity levels based on the extent and impact:
Low Severity
Early-stage distress with minimal impact on ride quality. Primarily cosmetic concerns. Best time for preventive treatment.
Medium Severity
Noticeable distress affecting ride comfort. Water infiltration likely. Corrective maintenance recommended.
High Severity
Advanced distress causing rough ride and safety concerns. Structural damage present. Rehabilitation or reconstruction needed.
Survey Methodology
1. Define Survey Sections
Divide pavement into uniform sections (typically 2,500 SF each) with consistent construction, traffic, and condition.
2. Select Sample Units
For large areas, survey a statistical sample of sections. Minimum sampling rate is every 5th section or 20% of total area.
3. Identify Distresses
Walk each sample unit and identify all distress types present. Note location and photograph representative examples.
4. Measure Extent & Severity
Quantify the area or length of each distress type and assign severity level (Low/Medium/High).
5. Calculate PCI
Apply deduct values from ASTM D6433 tables based on distress type, severity, and density. Sum deducts and calculate corrected PCI.
Pavement Life Cycle
Key Insight: Pavement deteriorates slowly in early years then accelerates rapidly. The optimal maintenance window (PCI 70-85) represents just 25% of the pavement's life but determines 75% of lifecycle costs.
Maintenance Strategies
| Strategy | PCI Range | Cost | Expected Life | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crack Sealing | PCI 70-100 | $0.50-$2.00/LF | 3-5 years | Fill cracks to prevent water infiltration. Most cost-effective when done early. |
| Seal Coating | PCI 70-90 | $0.15-$0.30/SF | 3-5 years | Protective surface coating that seals minor cracks and restores appearance. |
| Microsurfacing | PCI 55-75 | $1.50-$3.00/SY | 5-7 years | Polymer-modified slurry that fills ruts and improves surface texture. |
| Thin Overlay | PCI 45-65 | $4.00-$8.00/SY | 8-12 years | 1-2 inch asphalt overlay to restore surface and add structural capacity. |
| Mill & Overlay | PCI 35-55 | $8.00-$15.00/SY | 12-18 years | Remove deteriorated surface, repair base, and apply new asphalt. |
| Reconstruction | PCI <35 | $25.00-$50.00/SY | 20-25 years | Complete removal and rebuild of pavement structure. |
Assessment Checklist
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